Diigo Launches – More Than Just Bookmarking

• Diigo Launches – More Than Just Bookmarking

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  • es, gather sources, and easily publish a post to your blog, Diigo may be your solution. Diigo allows you to add multiple blogs to your account, verify them, and easily publish a post, however you may only publish and cannot manage old entries. What I like is that while you browse the web and you come across a site talking about a specific topic you want to expand on, you can right click and select, “Blog This,” which will then direct you to the blogging area where you can write your post along with that site being your source. The other method is by simply going to your bookmarks section and selecting a bookmark, or multiple bookm

• Data mining – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  tags: test

  • Data mining
  • Data mining is the process of extracting hidden patterns from large amounts of data
  • The term data mining has also been used in a related but negative sense, to mean the deliberate searching for apparent but not necessarily representative patterns in large amounts of data. To avoid confusion with the other sense, the terms data dredging and data snooping are often used. Note, however, that dredging and snooping can be (and sometimes are) used as exploratory tools when developing and clarifying hypotheses.

• Comparison of Web-scraping software – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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  • The following companies can scrape websites for you into desired output formats.
  • The following companies can scrape websites for you into desired output formats.
  • The following companies can scrape websites for you into desired output formats.

• Developer’s Guide: Protocol and Java – Google Notebook Data API – Google Code

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  • Developer’s Guide: Protocol and Java
  • Developer’s Guide: Protocol and Java

  • The Google Notebook Data API allows client applications to view public notebook content in the form of Google Data API feeds. Your client application can request a list of notes from a public notebook, request a list of public notebooks owned by a particular user, and query for notes that match particular criteria.

    Google Notebook feeds are currently read-only and public-only; you can’t send data to Notebook using the Data API, and you can’t get a feed of private Notebook data

• ACCELERATING DISCOVERY AND INNOVATION BY BRIDGING UNCONNECTED DISCIPLINES

  tags: database, tomography, literature, based, discovery

  • DEVELOPMENT OF QUERIES FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
  • The key problem with most standard search approaches is that the analyst is required to hypothesize the search terms in the context of the application, rather than use the database to provide the search terms appropriate to the context in which they are actually imbedded
  • For general language databases, automated text retrieval using linguistic rules and supporting on-line dictionaries could provide marginally acceptable results for some classes of users. 
  • For highly technical S&T databases, the focus of the text retrieval techniques discussed in the present Appendix, automated text retrieval results in poor retrieval performance. 
  • Natural language processors have severe limitations when applied to highly specialized technical terms.
  • yield the search terms from the language and context of the authors
  • Typical R&D literature surveys have none of these three quality conditions. 
  • When applied to the literature in a technical field, co-word analysis allows a map of the relationship among technical themes to be constructed. 
  • Term Co-occurrence in information retrieval can be used to expand on an initial query,
  • These additional terms could also be used to remove irrelevant documents. 
  • Query Expansion provided the greatest improvement in performance when the original query gave reasonable retrieval results
  • The main idea consists of choosing important terms, or expressions, attached to certain previously retrieved documents that have been identified as relevant by the users, and of enhancing the importance of these terms in a new query formulation
  • Relevance Feedback
  • Performance with feedback improved substantially over the no feedback case. 
  • Results show that terms selected from particular database fields of retrieved items during term relevance feedback (TRF) were more effective than search terms from the intermediary, database thesauri or users’ domain knowledge during the interaction.
  • Classical co-word analysis applied to index/ key words for the purpose of science and technology (S&T) evaluation does not allow the richness of the semantic relationships in full text to be exploited, and it is restricted to formally published papers
  • In order to allow any form of free text to be used, Database Tomography (DT) was developed. 
  • The first step is identification of the main themes of the text being analyzed. The second step is determination of the quantitative and qualitative relationships among the main themes and their secondary themes.
  • The highest frequency technical content phrases are selected by topical experts as the pervasive themes of the full database.
  • Second, for each theme phrase, the frequencies of phrases within some domain centered about the theme phrase are computed for every occurrence of the theme phrase in the full text, and a phrase frequency dictionary is constructed.
  • This phrase frequency dictionary contains the phrases closely related to the theme phrase.
  • Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are performed by the topical expert for each dictionary (hereafter called cluster) yielding, among many results, those sub-themes closely related to and supportive of the main cluster theme. 
  • Third, threshold values are assigned
  • these indices are used to filter out the phrases most closely related to the cluster theme
  • the qualitative analyses of the extracted data by the topical experts have been at least as important as the quantitative analyses.
  • a variety of different analyses can be performed.
  • the final results have been identification of the pervasive technical themes of the database, the relationship among these themes, and the relationship of supporting sub-thrust areas (both high and low frequency)
  • Expert-centric S&T text mining provides an in-depth understanding/ identification of the technical concepts and their inter-relationships, whereas the computer-centric approach focused on the more superficial level of context-free phrases. 
  • Simulated Nucleation
  • a small core group of documents mainly relevant to the topic of interest is identified
  • An inherent assumption is then made that the bibliometric and phrase patterns and phrase combinations characteristic of this relevant core group would be found to occur in other relevant documents.  Therefore, these bibliometric and phrase patterns and phrase combinations can be used to expand the search query,
  • using computer-based clustering techniques for separating the relevant from non-relevant records (e.g., see Hearst (1996) and Zamir (1999) for examples of clustering approaches to separate relevant from non-relevant documents)
  • Kostoff et al, 2005a

  • IV-A.  Overview of Updated Process 

    The operational objective of Simulated Nucleation is to generate a query that will have the following characteristics: 

    *Retrieve the maximum number of records in the technical discipline of interest

    *Retrieve substantial numbers of records in closely allied disciplines

    *Retrieve substantial numbers of records in disparate disciplines that have some connection to the technical discipline of interest

    *Retrieve records in aggregate with high signal-to-noise ratio (number of desirable records large compared to number of undesirable records)

    *Retrieve records with high marginal utility (each additional query term will retrieve large ratio of desirable to undesirable records)

    *Minimize query size to conform to limit requirements of search engine(s) used 

  • To achieve these objectives, the Simulated Nucleation process has been improved and updated, and now contains the following steps: 

    *Definition of study scope

    *Generation of query development strategy

    *Generation of test query

    *Retrieve records from database; select sample

    *Divide sample records into relevant and non-relevant categories

    *Perform computational linguistics on each category

    *Use new algorithms to identify phrases unique to each category

    *Use new algorithms to identify phrase combinations unique to each category

    *Use new algorithms to identify marginal value of adding each phrase and phrase combination to query

    *Construct modified query

    *Repeat process until convergence obtained 

    Each of these steps will now be described in more detail, and the upgrades and improvements will be emphasized. 

  • in general, a separate query had to be developed for each database examined
  • Relation of Query Structure to Database Fields Selected 
  • Relation of Query Structure to Expert(s) Perspectives
  • there is no evidence that a rigorous query of high quality and utility (comparable to those developed using Simulated Nucleation and the semi-structured textual SCI and EC databases) could be made of the highly unstructured Web as it exists now and in the foreseeable future.
    • better for science and tech databases – post by ippisl
  • Generic Term Initialization 
  •   While the emphasis of these later iterations was reduction of non-relevant records
  • Specific Term Initialization 
  • Because of the specificity of the query terms, records relating to the more general theme and scope of the study may be overlooked.
  • having to make a binary decision (on the relevance or non-relevance of a retrieved record) sharpens the focus of the study measurably. 
  • DT has focused on two types of congruency metric patterns for identifying candidate query modification terms: phrase frequencies and phrase proximity statistics
  • and then the phrases in close proximity to selected theme phrases in the Abstracts were also obtained with the DT algorithms.

• Introduction to Diigo Toolbar. Diigo Toolbar installed.

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  • Diigo Toolbar is now installed on your browser
  • Diigo Toolbar is now installed on your browser
  • Diigo Toolbar is now installed on your browser

• how do I build web pages people can annotate | Ask Metafilter

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  • what you wan
  • you want

• iSEEK – Web

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  • ing our text version of this document.May 24, 2002 … The Data W

• Amazon.com: Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die: Chip Heath, Dan Heath: Books

  tags: book, marketing, stickiness

  • With an entertaining blend of case studies and startling research, the Heath brothers lay out the critical elements of a sticky idea. They are–

    1. Simplicity
    2. Unexpectedness
    3. Concreteness
    4. Credibility
    5. Emotions
    6. Stories

• Text Message (SMS) Polls and Voting, Audience Response System (ARS), PowerPoint Polling | Poll Everywhere

  tags: polling, sms, everywhere, startup, service

  • Ask your audience a question They answer using SMS text messages or the web (try voting!)   Results update live in your web browser or PowerPoint
  • Poll Everywhere
  • creative places to use Poll Everywhere:

• Amazon Introduces Upgraded Kindle Book Reader – NYTimes.com

  tags: ebooks, kindle, amazon, market, pricing

  • Amazon.com on Monday introduced the Kindle 2
  • The announcement strengthens the bid by Amazon for control of the e-book market
  • most significantly, Amazon said it would start selling e-books that can be read on mobile phones and other devices
  • several incremental improvements
  • The Kindle 2 has
  • new feature, Whispersync, which would allow readers to begin a book on one Kindle and continue, at the same point in the text, on another Kindle or a mobile phone.
  • Google said last week that it would soon sell books from its publishing partners for reading on mobile devices
  • Addressing Google’s initiatives, Mr. Bezos said in an interview that Amazon knows what book buyers want and stressed the company’s digital catalog of 230,000 newer books and best sellers.
  • Apple poses another potential threat to Amazon’s plans.
  • But some worry that Amazon may be assuming too much control over pricing
  • Amazon generally charges $9.99 for the digital versions of best sellers
  • That means that for now, Amazon is taking a loss or making a small margin on the sale of some e-books.
  • Mr. Bezos disagreed. “E-books should be cheaper than physical books.
  • “The thought that there might be one very dominant player who could squeeze most of the profits out of this new market is frightening for authors and publishers,” Mr. Aiken said.
  • publishers have remained vigilant in fostering competition in the e-book market.

• Easy Website Highlighting and Notes with Awesome Highlighter

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  • s interesting. Will give it a try. I find bookmarking sites an easy affair these days with both Opera and Firefox doing a great job of syncing all the bookmarks online so they are always available no matter what.

• DMDigest

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  • Sep 2007 12:41 PM CDT

     

    MIT OpenCourseWare | Sloan School of Management | 15.062 Data Mining, Spring 2003 | Home

    Posted: 28 Sep 2007 12:40 PM CDT

     

    Visual Analytics Inc.

• WORKS OF SAKIR KOCABAS: Elements of Scientific Research and Discovery

  tags: no_tag

  • Elements of Scientific Research and Discovery >

     

    ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DISCOVERY: >
    A Study with CER in High-Temperature Superconductivity >

    Sakir Kocabas >

    Dept. of Space Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, >
    Maslak 80626, Istanbul, Turkey. >

    Abstract >

    In this paper we describe a program, CER, which models some of the research activities carried out in the process of the discovery of high-temperature superconductors in 1986 and 1987. These activities include goal and strategy choosing, literature searches, proposing experiments, expectation setting, designing and conducting experiments, data collection, generating and testing hypotheses, modifying hypotheses, and generating explanations. >

  • Elements of Scientific Research and Discovery

     

    ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DISCOVERY:
    A Study with CER in High-Temperature Superconductivity

    Sakir Kocabas

    Dept. of Space Engineering, Istanbul Technical University,
    Maslak 80626, Istanbul, Turkey.

    Abstract

    In this paper we describe a program, CER, which models some of the research activities carried out in the process of the discovery of high-temperature superconductors in 1986 and 1987. These activities include goal and strategy choosing, literature searches, proposing experiments, expectation setting, designing and conducting experiments, data collection, generating and testing hypotheses, modifying hypotheses, and generating explanations.

    CER’s design includes many of the elements of scientific research and discovery and provides a step toward a complete computational model. The system has 17 discovery operators which use over 150 methodological rules many of which are general and applicable to other domains of physics and chemistry.

    Keywords: Scientific discovery, autonomous operators, methodological rules, consistency, completeness, hypothesis generation, scientific explanation.

• Glassy Eyes | Eyeglasses. Good eyeglasses. Cheap.

  tags: no_tag

  • A YEAR) eyeglasses after finding your site.

• sitting_duck_1.jpg (תמונת JPEG, 257×322 פיקסלים)

  tags: no_tag

  • – post by ippisl

• Ten lessons

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  • to MIT. As they start doing research with their professors, as many MIT undergraduates do, they learn another healthy lesson, namely, a professor may well behave like a fumbling idiot.

      The drive for excellence and

• abc7news.com:

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  • human body
  • human body

• Home clinic programme: an alternative model for pr…[Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2006] – PubMed Result

  tags: no_tag

  • ffering the opportunity for

• Nurse-led general practice: the changing face of general practice?

  tags: no_tag

  • Nurse-led general practice: the changing face of general practice?

Posted from Diigo. The rest of my favorite links are here.

British patients counseled by a computer program

LONDON — For nearly her entire life, Mary had a crippling fear of cramped spaces that meant she could not travel on airplanes, subways or cars.

Seeing a psychologist did not help. So she tried something else. The 61-year-old bookkeeper, who only gave her first name to protect her privacy, sat down in front of a computer and spilled out her problems to a kind of psychiatric computer game called "Fearfighter."

Last year, "Fearfighter" was one of two programs endorsed by Britain’s health advisory watchdog for people with panic attacks, mild depression or phobias.

People uncomfortable with getting advice from a computer can still choose to see therapists, but the option of logging on for help is now available — and will be paid for by the government-run National Health Service.

In Britain, patients registered with the NHS routinely wait up to six months to see a psychiatrist; nearly 90 percent of people with mild depression never actually see a therapist.

The computer programs now mean that for some patients, getting psychiatric counseling is as easy as getting a password from their general practitioner to access the program online.

"Six months for some patients might be too long," said Dr. Paul Grime, an occupational medicine expert at London’s Royal Free Hospital.

Since the endorsement was made last February, many British psychiatric patients have skipped the weekly sessions at their doctor’s office. Instead, they now log on at home, or go to libraries to use computers designated to run the programs, where there is a health professional ready to help if necessary.

The computers are not authorized to prescribe medicine. A qualified human is required for that.

The computerized treatment is possible because people with phobias, from fear of spiders to fear of heights, tend to get the same basic therapy.

"The idea is that the repetitive parts of the therapy are done by a computer, which can then make decisions based on these answers," said Dr. Isaac Marks, a professor emeritus at King’s College Institute of Psychiatry in London, and co-developer of "Fearfighter."

Treating short-term problems like phobias or mild depression often simply means teaching patients new ways to think or react — something a computer can be programmed to do, Marks said.

In Britain, a few thousand people are estimated to have already been treated with the programs.

Judy Leibowitz, a clinical psychologist who runs mental health programs in London, said the anonymity of computer therapy was a selling point for certain patients.

"There are lots of people who are not that keen on pouring out their heart to a therapist," she said.

Still, psychiatrists should not worry that they might become obsolete.

"We still need therapists to be creative and do all the things a computer can’t, like express empathy and respond to the idiosyncrasies of a person’s life situation and their history," said Dr. Jesse Wright, a psychiatrist at the University of Louisville, who has studied the use of computer therapy.

Serious psychiatric problems like bipolar disorder, suicidal tendencies or schizophrenia are too complex to be cured by computer programs.

Britain decided to roll out the anti-panic and depression computer programs nationwide after a group of experts sifted through evidence and concluded that the programs work just as well as face-to-face psychiatric care.

"We wanted to be confident that this wasn’t just a second-best option," said Dr. Steven Pillings, of University College London, who led the British committee that made the recommendations.

Many experiments in Britain, the United States and elsewhere showed that patients counseled by computers made just as much progress as those counseled by real live therapists. Using computers to treat patients was also much cheaper and could help cash-strapped health systems expand care. One study estimated that therapists using computer programs could double the number of their patients.

In "Fearfighter," patients are taught to recognize the signs that trigger their panic attacks in the hopes of preventing one. But if that does not work, they are also instructed on how to cope with their fears.

The program asks patients to identify the personal triggers that set off their panic attacks. They are told to be more observant of these red flags, and to keep a diary of things they avoid because it makes them nervous. Then, the computer gives them homework: They must seek out uncomfortable situations to practice their new skills.

In the anti-depression program, patients watch staged vignettes in the lives of depressed people, using professional actors. For example, in a scene where a character has an argument with a spouse, patients are shown how the person thinks through different ways of responding. It is then up to the patients to decide how the character will react, in a process that psychiatrists say helps them develop new thinking patterns.

The computer programs take roughly 10 weeks of hourly sessions, including scheduled telephone calls from a health worker to check on progress.

For Mary, computer therapy seems to have worked. Before using "Fearfighter," she had been too afraid to fly or ride the subway.

But after eight weeks, Mary told program developers that she had ridden the subway without even a twinge of anxiety. The computer treatment, she said, was far more effective than talking to a psychologist.

"I am very puzzled how this could have happened so quickly," she said.

point of care automatic diagnostic (ultrasound , and general viral /bacterial diseases)

But for Yongmin Kim, professor of bioengineering at the University of Washington in Seattle, it’s all about building the hardware. Kim’s group has secured a grant from the Bill and Mel-inda Gates Foundation to create a $2,000 point-of-care system that could test for health problems ranging from HIV to influenza using disposable modules. The device would replace lab gear in developing countries that would otherwise cost tens of thousands of dollars. The group is also working on a $2,000 ultrasound machine that could diagnose common ailments without requiring a human expert to interpret the images.

It could take five years or more for the devices to be ready for use in a doctor’s office, and even longer for them to become consumer products, Kim said. "It will take 10 years to move these systems from primary-care offices to the home," he said.

Artificial Intelligence Tutoring Software for Accounting

Unlike homework systems where "canned" responses are stored in a database and provide little feedback beyond whether a student’s answer is right or wrong, the Quantum Tutors actually interact with students one-on-one, answering questions and providing detailed step-by-step feedback based on the student’s own work.

Capable of integrating with homework systems and supporting accounting textbooks from any publisher, the Tutors use patented artificial intelligence technology to interpret problems dynamically, analyze student work and help students with the core skills needed for success in introductory accounting.

"The Tutors will definitely benefit student understanding," stated Brenda Bindschatel, Instructor at Green River Community College in Washington State. "Students will be able to proceed at their own pace, repeat the learning process as often as necessary with feedback appropriate to their increasing understanding, and can use the product as it fits into their own time schedules."

In research conducted at Baldwin-Wallace College in Ohio, students using the Quantum Tutors for Accounting achieved 3.5 times more gain in test scores over students that studied with the textbook only, indicating that students who use the Quantum Tutors can improve test scores by at least a full letter grade. In addition to performance studies, the software has been reviewed and approved by more than 60 accounting instructors across the country.

A new method promises to change how companies create materials

Lauterbach has developed an automated system that uses combinatorial chemistry, in which equipment systematically creates and tests thousands of chemical samples at the same time, or "in parallel." Thousands of tiny plastic beads about the width of a human hair are coated with different catalysts. All of the beads, each bearing its own individual catalyst, are tested simultaneously in the same experiment. Then the system uses a recently declassified infrared sensor technology to quickly screen each sample to evaluate its performance.

"We have the capability of making a hundred times more catalysts and screening them in the same amount of time that researchers previously needed to study one catalyst," Lauterbach said.

A small percentage of the catalysts created are effective. Information is collected from both the best catalysts and the failed catalysts and fed into software that mimics the logical and intuitive thought processes of chemists. Even though the majority of the catalysts created are not effective, the software uses the wealth of information gained from those failures to come up with entirely new catalysts.

"If a mixture doesn’t work, the information about why it does not work is just as valuable as the information about why it does work," Lauterbach said. "We feed that information back into the software, and at some point we tell the program that we want a catalyst that does this and that. The software does its thing and it spits out a material combination, a range of completely new catalysts that nobody has ever thought of before, or had dared to even propose or synthesize because everybody would say, ‘You’ve got to be crazy. This is never going to work.’

design of business strategies

Icosystem views a market as a commercial ecosystem consisting of consumers and competing businesses – a number of agents playing different roles according to a variety of rules. The behavior of customers and competitors, as well as the impact of environmental conditions, all have a significant impact on the success and trajectory of an individual organization. Icosystem applies its core capabilities in key components of complexity science to create reality-based models that can easily be manipulated and reconfigured to explore changing scenarios and analyze the impact of various strategies.

Icosystem’s application of its core technology typically consists of three phases:

• Replication: Through agent-based modeling, Icosystem creates a model of a particular business environment that closely mirrors the real world.
• Exploration: Once the model is built, Icosystem explores multiple combinations of strategic levers and actions, identifying those that appear to lead to the desired results.
• Exploitation: After a range of strategic options is identified, Icosystem conducts robustness analysis exploring how the outcomes of these solutions may be impacted by changes in the business ecosystem

Except designing the model , all other phases are automatic.
So in essence ,the system is used to discover effective business models automaticlly.

Computational Models of Discovery

In parallel with the types of discovery described above, computational models developed by AI scientists can be classified in the same types as Logico-mathematical Models, Formal Models, Empirical Models, and Theoretical Models.

Some of the earliest AI systems such as Logic Theorist were logico-mathematical discovery models designed to prove theorems in logic. Among the more recent computational models, AM (Lenat, 1979) constitutes an outstanding example for mathematical discovery.

Lenat’s (1983) EURISKO, in its applications to Naval Fleet Design, Evolution, and 3-D circuit design, can be cited as a typical example to formal discovery systems.

Some computational models of theoretical discovery are PI (Thagard & Holyoak, 1985), ECHO (Thagard & Nowak, 1990), GALILEO (Zytkow, 1990), and PAULI (Valdes-Perez, 1994). The first two could better be characterized as concept discovery systems, and as such, are closer to formal discovery models. GALILEO on the other hand, is an interesting example of discovery by theoretical analysis in that it discovers more expressive forms of scientific laws. The PAULI system is another interesting model which has led to the discovery of a general theorem about the quantum values of elementary particles in physics.

Empirical discovery is an extensively studied area in AI, and a number of computational models have been designed to investigate its various aspects. Empirical discovery systems can be divided into two main classes as qualitative and quantitative models, although this distinction is sometimes irrelevant. Among the qualitative discovery systems, GLAUBER (Langley, et al., 1987) models the discovery of the acid-base theory in the 17th century chemistry. STAHL (Zytkow & Simon, 1986) and STAHLp (Rose & Langley, 1986) simulate the discovery of the componential models in the 18th century chemistry, the latter with the additional capability of partially modeling the paradigm shift from the phlogiston theory to the oxygen theory. AbE (O’Rorke, Morris & Schulenburg, 1990) provides a more detailed simulation of the transition from the phlogiston theory to the oxygen theory, demonstrating the role of abductive inference in the process. KEKADA (Kulkarni & Simon, 1988) simulates the discovery of the urea cycle in biochemistry by Krebs in the 1930s, by treating the process as search in several search spaces. COAST (Rajamoney, 1990) on the other hand, treats physical systems as "scenarios", and considers theory revision as incremental changes in qualitative schemas (Forbus, 1984).

Some of the other systems are BR-3 (Kocabas, 1991) and BR-4 (Kocabas & Langley, 1995) which model the discovery of several conservation laws about the elementary particles, the latter with the ability to simulate the discovery of the neutrino in particle physics. When faced with inconsistent solution states or new evidence, both systems can revise their domain theories incrementally. PAULI (Valdes-Perez, 1994) considers certain discovery problems as matrix operations in two search spaces, and reproduces BR-3′s results, together with a set of alternatives, and additionally leads to a general theorem in particle physics. MECHEM (Valdes-Perez, 1995) discovers new pathways for a set of cathalytic chemical reactions, alternative to the ones known by chemists today.

Among the quantitative discovery models BACON (Langley, et al., 1987), FAHRENHEIT (Zytkow, 1987) and IDS (Nordhausen & Langley, 1987) can be cited as prominent examples. BACON was the first successful model of quantitative discovery, which also has attracted the interest of philosophers of science(*). The IDS system on the other hand, integrates qualitative and quantitative methods.

Automatic research in high temperature superconductivity

WORKS OF SAKIR KOCABAS: Elements of Scientific Research and Discovery  Annotated

Elements of Scientific Research and Discovery

 

ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DISCOVERY:
A Study with CER in High-Temperature Superconductivity

Sakir Kocabas

Dept. of Space Engineering, Istanbul Technical University,
Maslak 80626, Istanbul, Turkey.

Abstract

In this paper we describe a program, CER, which models some of the research activities carried out in the process of the discovery of high-temperature superconductors in 1986 and 1987. These activities include goal and strategy choosing, literature searches, proposing experiments, expectation setting, designing and conducting experiments, data collection, generating and testing hypotheses, modifying hypotheses, and generating explanations.

CER’s design includes many of the elements of scientific research and discovery and provides a step toward a complete computational model. The system has 17 discovery operators which use over 150 methodological rules many of which are general and applicable to other domains of physics and chemistry.

Keywords: Scientific discovery, autonomous operators, methodological rules, consistency, completeness, hypothesis generation, scientific explanation.

Elements of Scientific Research and Discovery >

 

ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DISCOVERY: >
A Study with CER in High-Temperature Superconductivity >

Sakir Kocabas >

Dept. of Space Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, >
Maslak 80626, Istanbul, Turkey. >

Abstract >

In this paper we describe a program, CER, which models some of the research activities carried out in the process of the discovery of high-temperature superconductors in 1986 and 1987. These activities include goal and strategy choosing, literature searches, proposing experiments, expectation setting, designing and conducting experiments, data collection, generating and testing hypotheses, modifying hypotheses, and generating explanations. >